MICROPLASTICHE: VECCHIE FONTI DI INQUINAMENTO

MICROPLASTICHEPochi giorni fa ho trovato l’articolo scientifico che riporta la prima evidenza di microplastiche in mare. Si tratta di una nota datata 1972 e pubblicata sul n° 175 della prestigiosa rivista Science. Gli autori sono due oceanografi americani che si sono ritrovati pezzetti di plastica fra i campioni di origine biologica prelevati nel Mar dei Sargassi. Corpi estranei al biota marino: frammenti e pellets di plastiche aventi dimensioni inferiori a 0.5 cm.

Oggetti di plastica così piccoli secondo le linee guida, oggi riconosciute, sono definiti “microplastiche”.  Gli autori dell’articolo ne hanno stimato anche la densità media (3.500 pezzi/km2, min 47 max 12.080 pezzi/km2) ed il peso medio (286,8 g/km2). Oggi in alcuni oceani si stimano oltre 100.000 pezzi/km2 ovvero 30 volte il valore medio del 1972.

I due ricercatori non si sono limitati a riportare i dati ma, consapevolmente, hanno evidenziato i rischi di tali presenze “aliene” ed infatti concludono la nota scientifica dicendo: L’incremento nella produzione di plastiche associato alle attuali pratiche di smaltimento, probabilmente determinerà grandi concentrazioni (di  microplastiche) sulla superficie del mare.

I due oceanografi hanno messo in relazione lo smaltimento a terra e la presenza di plastiche in mare. Ancora oggi questo è un fatto che molti amministratori si ostinano a non accettare. Non esiste una sirena dispettosa che sparge plastiche in mare per farcele recapitare perfidamente sulle spiagge, le plastiche infatti arrivano perlopiù da terra e quindi il danno è attribuibile solo ed esclusivamente alla nostra cattiva abitudine di produrre rifiuti e spargerli nell’ambiente.

I due ricercatori hanno, inoltre, notato la considerevole presenza, nelle plastiche trovate, di inquinanti organici, PCB in particolare. Gli stessi composti osservati (allora) in alcune specie oceaniche. Oggi la letteratura scientifica riporta una serie innumerevole di composti organici e/o metalli pesanti trasportati dalle microplastiche, soprattutto quando sono già in atto i fenomeni di degradazione superficiale. Insomma abbiamo a che fare con piccole bombe chimiche che vagano nel mare in attesa di entrare nella nostra catena alimentare.

Già fin dagli albori dell’industria della plastica qualcuno, quindi, ha fatto notare i rischi associati al marine litter. Ci son voluti circa 50 anni per cominciare solo a prendere coscienza del problema. La maggior parte della plastica utilizzata quotidianamente può essere riciclata per produrre nuovi oggetti, basta saper gestire correttamente il ciclo dei rifiuti.

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